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Migrating to opportunity: overcoming barriers to labor mobility in Southeast Asia

The movement of people in Southeast Asia is an issue of increasing importance. Countries of the Association of Sout... Show more
The movement of people in Southeast Asia is an issue of increasing importance. Countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) are now the origin of 8 per cent of the world's migrants. These countries host only 4 percent of the world's migrants but intra-regional migration has turned Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand into regional migration hubs that are home to 6.5 million ASEAN migrants. However, significant international and domestic labor mobility costs limit the ability of workers to change firms, sectors, and geographies in ASEAN. This report takes an innovative approach to estimate the costs for workers to migrate internationally. Singapore and Malaysia have the lowest international labor mobility costs in ASEAN while workers migrating to Myanmar and Vietnam have the highest costs. Singapore and Malaysia's more developed migration systems are a key reason for their lower labor mobility costs. How easily workers can move to take advantage of new opportunities is important in determining how they fare under the increased economic integration planned for ASEAN. To study this question, the report simulates how worker welfare is affected by enhanced trade integration under different scenarios of labor mobility costs. Region-wide, worker welfare would be 14 per cent higher if barriers to mobility were reduced for skilled workers and an additional 29 per cent if barriers to mobility were lowered for all workers. Weaknesses in migration systems increase international labor mobility costs, but policy reforms can help. Destination countries should work toward systems that are responsive to economic needs and consistent with domestic policies. Sending countries should balance protections for migrant workers with the needs of economic development.
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Authors: Testaverde, Mauro; Moroz, Harry; Hollweg, Claire H.; Schmillen, Achim

Date: 2017

Geographic subjects: Asia; Bangladesh; Brunei ... [+] Show more Hong Kong (China)">Hong Kong (China); (South)">Korea (South); [-] Show less

Resource type: Report, paper or authored book

Subjects: Migration; Employment; Outcomes ... [+] Show more
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Positioning informal skills learners in Nepal's TVET system

This paper is part of the output of the project 'Linking Education and Labour Markets: Under what conditions can Te... Show more
This paper is part of the output of the project 'Linking Education and Labour Markets: Under what conditions can Technical Vocational Education and Training (TVET) improve the income of the youth?' (short title: LELAM TVET4Income). The project, financed jointly by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) and the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC), aims to find out under what conditions and to what extent TVET can help to improve the labour market situation of the youth, especially in east developed, low and middle-income countries. The project consists of six teams coming from five different countries and four continents: Chile, Costa Rica, Benin, Nepal and Switzerland.
The informal sector occupies a significant portion of employment in Nepal. More than eighty per cent of all employees work in this sector. These workers generally lack formal skills training and acquire skills while performing the work under the guidance of skilled workers. However, the [technical and vocational education and training] TVET system rarely recognizes such informally learnt skills at work. In this context, this paper explores the position obtained by informal skills learners in the existing TVET system of Nepal. I drew information from related literature, collected experiences of six informal skills learners as cases and incorporated views of eight experts through interview.
The study shows that informal skills learners are getting very less attention in the Nepali TVET system. In fact, the system is not valuing the contribution of local communities and institutions, industries and enterprises in the development of skills. Furthermore, the study reveals that lacking awareness raising and motivational programmes targeted to youth; and government's unfavorable working approach to TVET. In this situation, I argue that obtaining a dignified position by informal skills learners depends on the value given to skills, work and occupation. The paper concludes that Pervasive Loitering Syndrome (PLS) prevails across different layers of the society. The PLS creates the situation of less valuing skills, work and occupations, and ultimately the informal skills learners are devalued.
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Authors: Baral, Durga Prasad

Date: 2019

Geographic subjects: Nepal; Asia

Resource type: Report, paper or authored book

Series name: LELAM‐TVET4INCOME working paper

Subjects: Skills and knowledge; Assessment; Governance ... [+] Show more
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Impact of COVID-19 on women in the STEM workforce: Asia Pacific

This report presents the key findings of research into the impacts of the [Coronavirus Disease 2019] COVID-19 pande... Show more
This report presents the key findings of research into the impacts of the [Coronavirus Disease 2019] COVID-19 pandemic on women in the science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) workforce in the Asia-Pacific region. It explores the impacts on STEM careers and individual wellbeing and identifies ways organisations and individuals within the STEM system can support gender equity in STEM.
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Authors: Moes, Louise; Prichard, Nancy; Chang, Ying-Cheng; Navarro, Laura ... [+] Show more

Date: 2021

Geographic subjects: Australia; Bangladesh; Brunei ... [+] Show more

Resource type: Government report or paper

Subjects: Equity; Industry; Employment ... [+] Show more
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CTEVT profile

This booklet outlines the purpose and objectives of the Council for Technical Education and Vocational Training (CT... Show more
This booklet outlines the purpose and objectives of the Council for Technical Education and Vocational Training (CTEVT), its background and structure, CTEVT institutions, and other activities of CTEVT. Annexes include: composition, functions and powers of the Technical Education and Vocational Training Assembly; composition, functions and powers of the Council; and CTEVT information about technical schools. Show less

Corporate authors: Nepal. Council for Technician Education and Vocational Training (CTEVT)

Date: 1994

Geographic subjects: Asia; Nepal

Resource type: Guide

Subjects: Vocational education and training
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'Figuring it out': continuity or discontinuity of work in young rural-urban migrants' education to work transition in Kathmandu, Nepal

Although youth research has highlighted the importance of a holistic understanding of the changing nature of youth ... Show more
Although youth research has highlighted the importance of a holistic understanding of the changing nature of youth education to work transitions, few studies have examined these transitions from a process perspective. In this study on continuity and discontinuity of work, the process perspective proved to be useful to analyse the education to work transition of rural-urban migrants in Kathmandu, Nepal. Qualitative longitudinal data, consisting of two consecutive in-depth interviews, with twenty-one participants, reveal how they shift choices, negotiate positions, embrace changes and decisions. A reemphasis on the understanding of rural-urban migrant youth education to work transition as part of a process is suggested calling for a holistic understanding of rural-urban migrant youth education to work transition among scholars and policymakers in Nepal and also in other contexts.
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Authors: Basnet, Neha; Timmerman, Margaretha C.; Linden, Josje van der

Date: 2023

Geographic subjects: Nepal; Asia

Resource type: Article

Journal title: Journal of youth studies

Subjects: Migration; Employment; Youth ... [+] Show more
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LELAM-TVET4INCOME: synthesis of results from the first phase of the project

This paper is part of the output of the project 'Linking Education and Labour Markets: Under what conditions can Te... Show more
This paper is part of the output of the project 'Linking Education and Labour Markets: Under what conditions can Technical Vocational Education and Training (TVET) improve the income of the youth?' (short title: LELAM TVET4Income). The project, financed jointly by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) and the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC), aims to find out under what conditions and to what extent TVET can help to improve the labour market situation of the youth, especially in east developed, low and middle-income countries. The project consists of six teams coming from five different countries and four continents: Chile, Costa Rica, Benin, Nepal and Switzerland.
The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview and synthesis of this research activity. We do so by documenting the research output related to each of the four questions, indicating how this research contributes to answering the driving question of the project. The key achievements of the first phase of the project have been the development of a theoretical framework to measure the social institutions of TVET, indices that capture the extent and quality of institutional linkages and youth labor market situations, and assessments of system linkages and effectiveness of new reforms and programs in the partner countries. We also discuss how this knowledge generation and development of measurement tools make a broader contribution to the TVET policy and practice. Finally, we outline in which areas the second phase of the project (2020-2023) will focus to develop further contributions to research and policy for TVET to have a higher impact on the livelihoods of the youth.
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Authors: Acharya, Laxman; Bolli, Thomas; Bordon, Paola; Renold, Ursula ... [+] Show more

Date: 2020

Geographic subjects: Chile; Costa Rica; Benin ... [+] Show more

Resource type: Report, paper or authored book

Series name: LELAM‐TVET4INCOME working paper

Subjects: Youth; Labour market; Vocational education and training ... [+] Show more
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Introduction: applicant work-readiness and graduate employability challenges in the Asia Pacific

This introduction presents an overview of the key concepts discussed in the subsequent chapters of this book. The b... Show more
This introduction presents an overview of the key concepts discussed in the subsequent chapters of this book. The book outlines a contemporary labour market policy challenge for many countries, both developed and developing, in the Asia Pacific region. It discusses the definition and conceptualization of job readiness and identifies the attributes and competencies that contribute to developing job readiness. The book then provides a more detail around analytical framework for identifying and positioning stakeholders in the job transition process. The countries are: Australia, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Nepal, Singapore, Taiwan and Vietnam. It also outlines the responses and policies that are being implemented in each country to improve graduate work-readiness. The book provides a synopsis of the issues and initiatives across the multiple stakeholders and the Asia Pacific region and presents a research agenda around work-readiness and graduate employability for the future.
Abstract from publisher's website.
The volume from which this chapter is taken is available in VOCEDplus at TD/TNC 133.148. Show less

Authors: Burgess, John; Cameron, Roslyn; Dhakal, Subas; Brown, Kerry

Date: 2018

Geographic subjects: Oceania; Australia; Asia ... [+] Show more

Resource type: Book chapter

Series name: Routledge advances in management and business studies

Subjects: Higher education; Vocational education and training; Workforce development ... [+] Show more
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Dual VET-Apprenticeship programme in Nepal: formative assessment of the first cohort

This paper is part of the output of the project 'Linking Education and Labour Markets: Under what conditions can Te... Show more
This paper is part of the output of the project 'Linking Education and Labour Markets: Under what conditions can Technical Vocational Education and Training (TVET) improve the income of the youth?' (short title: LELAM TVET4Income). The project, financed jointly by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) and the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC), aims to find out under what conditions and to what extent TVET can help to improve the labour market situation of the youth, especially in east developed, low and middle-income countries. The project consists of six teams coming from five different countries and four continents: Chile, Costa Rica, Benin, Nepal and Switzerland.
This working paper provides a formative assessment of the first cohort of a Dual VET-Apprenticeship programme in Nepal. This new programme combines classroom education with workplace training in companies. Implementing a Dual VET-Apprenticeship programme successfully represents a challenge because it requires coordination among several actors, including involved schools and companies that provide Dual VET-Apprenticeship places. In order to support the challenging process of scaling up the project, this working paper presents the results of interviews among stakeholders conducted in November 2018. These interviews aim to answer a number of research questions: Why do schools participate in the Dual VET-Apprenticeship programme? How difficult is it to motivate companies to provide Dual VET-Apprenticeship places? What are the reasons for this? How difficult is it to motivate applicants for the Dual VET-Apprenticeship programme? What are the reasons for this? How are applicants and companies matched? The paper provides a description of the Dual VET-Apprenticeship programme, presents a framework for the analysis, describes the data gathering process, reports the results and presents the conclusions.
The results suggest that motivating companies for providing Dual VET-Apprenticeship places has been relatively easy. This appears to result from the well-established network of the four participating schools with the surrounding companies. Motivating apprentices has been comparably more challenging. Since this might primarily be due to the fact that the programme is new and unknown to potential applicants, motivating apprentices might become easier as the programme becomes an established TVET programme. The matching process of apprentices and companies is currently in the hand of the schools. The satisfaction of both apprentices and companies has been high in the beginning of the Dual VET-Apprenticeship. Since apprentices were still in the first months of full-time classroom education at the time of the interviews, future research should follow closely how satisfaction develops over the course of the Dual VET-Apprenticeship.
Edited excerpts from publication and publisher's website. Show less

Authors: Bolli, Thomas; Kemper, Johanna; Parajuli, Mahesh N.; Renold, Ursula ... [+] Show more

Date: 2019

Geographic subjects: Nepal; Asia

Resource type: Report, paper or authored book

Series name: LELAM‐TVET4INCOME working paper

Subjects: Apprenticeship; Secondary education; Participation ... [+] Show more
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The regional convention on the recognition of studies, diplomas and degrees in higher education in Asia and the Pacific: ninth session of the regional committee

Since the Asia and the Pacific Regional Convention was adopted in 1983, the regional committee has been meeting bia... Show more
Since the Asia and the Pacific Regional Convention was adopted in 1983, the regional committee has been meeting biannually to examine the progress made and obstacles encountered by signatories in the application of the Regional Convention. This publication reports the results of the ninth session of the committee meeting which was held in Seoul in May 2007. The publication provides 10 country reports along with the committee's discussion on the revision of the Convention and the results of the Seminar on Regional Harmonization, which was held back-to-back with the ninth session.
The report contains the following sections: Introduction; Opening ceremony; Election of office bearers and presentation of country reports; Report from the Working Group on Revision of the Asia-Pacific Regional Convention; Seminar on Regional Harmonization: Establishing a Common Higher Education Area; Closing ceremony; Annexes: General information; Programme; List of participants. The CD-ROM contains the 10 country reports for: Australia, China, Holy See [Vatican City], India, Republic of Korea, Lao PDR [Laos], Mongolia, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and the Philippines. Also included are the highlights of the meeting of the Working Group on Revision of the Regional Convention: Bologna Process, Lisbon Recognition Convention 1997 and International Cooperation; Brisbane Communique; revision of the Arusha Convention for African States; UNESCO-OECD Guidelines and UNESCO Portal of Higher Education Institutes; and the UNESCO-APQN [Asia-Pacific Quality Network] Toolkit: Regulating Quality Assurance in Cross-border Education. Show less

Authors: Haddad, Caroline

Corporate authors: UNESCO Bangkok. Asia-Pacific Programme of Educational Innovation for Development ... [+] Show more

Conference name: Regional Committee for the Regional Convention on the Recognition of Studies, Diplomas and Degrees in Higher Education in Asia and the Pacific: 9th, 2007, Seoul, Republic of Korea

Date: 2009

Geographic subjects: Oceania; Asia; Australia ... [+] Show more

Resource type: Conference

Subjects: Governance; Higher education; Qualifications
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Intergenerational occupational mobility in rural economy: evidence from Nepal and Vietnam

This paper presents evidence on intergenerational occupational mobility from agriculture to the nonfarm sector usin... Show more
This paper presents evidence on intergenerational occupational mobility from agriculture to the nonfarm sector using survey data from Nepal and Vietnam. In the absence of credible instruments, the degree of selection on observables is used as a guide to the degree of selection on unobservables, a la Altonji et al. (2005) to address the unobserved genetic correlations. The results show that intergenerational occupational mobility is lower among women in both countries, and is lower in Nepal compared with Vietnam. In the case of Nepal, strong evidence favors a causal role played by the mother's nonfarm participation in the daughter's occupation choice, possibly because of cultural inheritance in a traditional society.
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Authors: Emran, M. Shahe; Shilpi, Forhad

Date: 2011

Geographic subjects: Nepal; Vietnam; Asia

Resource type: Article

Journal title: Journal of human resources

Subjects: Employment; Career development; Culture and society ... [+] Show more

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